For many people, the difference between Sunni and Shia Muslims can feel confusing, but it actually begins with a very simple historical question: Who should have led the Muslim community after the Prophet Muhammad died in 632 CE?
Sunni Muslims believed leadership should be chosen by the community, and they supported Abu Bakr, a close companion of Muhammad. Shia Muslims believed leadership should stay within the Prophet’s family, beginning with Ali, his cousin and son‑in‑law. What started as a political disagreement eventually grew into two distinct traditions with their own practices, scholarship, and spiritual leadership structures.
Over time, Sunnis developed a system where no single leader holds divine authority. Instead, religious understanding comes from scholars and four major schools of interpretation. Shia Muslims, especially the Twelver branch, believe in a line of Imams—descendants of Ali—who carry spiritual guidance and authority. These differences shape how each community approaches religious leadership, law, and devotion, even though both share the same core beliefs about God, the Qur’an, and the Prophet Muhammad.
Today, Sunni Muslims make up the vast majority of the global Muslim population—about 85 to 90 percent. Shia Muslims represent roughly 10 to 15 percent worldwide, forming significant communities in places like Iraq, Lebanon, Bahrain, and Pakistan.
The most notable Shia‑majority nation is Iran, where about 90 percent of the population follows Twelver Shi’ism. This identity became central to Iran’s culture and religious life beginning in the 16th century under the Safavid dynasty.
“Prior to 1948, the date when the Jewish state was re-established, practically the only people who referred to themselves as Palestinians were the Jews who lived there. The others there, mainly Muslim Arabs, referred to themselves as Muslims.”
“…The modern Palestinian identity was largely invented in 1964, when the Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO) was created.”
“…By the 19th century, much of what is now the West Bank and Gaza was sparsely populated and underdeveloped. Travelers such as Mark Twain and former U.S. President Ulysses S. Grant described the region as barren and largely uninhabited. These accounts, written without political bias, provide insight into the state of the land before the demographic shifts that followed.”
And in his conclusion to the article, Dr. Rhode states: “The historical connections between the people of Gaza, the West Bank and British Mandate Palestine are complex—shaped by centuries of migration, trade and political shifts. They are not one people, but a hodge-podge of peoples with no prior connection to pre-1948 Palestine, who settled there during the past two centuries.”
The biblical history of the region is clear – the land and the blessing were given to Abraham and his seed through Isaac by God’s covenant.
Genesis 17:18-21 (KJV) – 18 And Abraham said unto God, O that Ishmael might live before thee!
19 And God said, Sarah thy wife shall bear thee a son indeed; and thou shalt call his name Isaac: and I will establish my covenant with him for an everlasting covenant, and with his seed after him.
20 And as for Ishmael, I have heard thee: Behold, I have blessed him, and will make him fruitful, and will multiply him exceedingly; twelve princes shall he beget, and I will make him a great nation.
21 But my covenant will I establish with Isaac, which Sarah shall bear unto thee at this set time in the next year.
